Edició de «Creuades»

Les '''creuades''' foren una série de campanyes militars de caràcter religiós, organisades per coalicions d'estats europeus a fi de lliberar [[Terra Santa]] ([[Jerusalem]]) dels [[musulmans]], i sostingudes pels denominats '[[estats cristians]]' de la regió. Tingueren lloc durant els sigles [[Sigle XI|XI]] i [[Sigle XIII|XIII]], especialment entre els anys [[1095]] i [[1276]].

Si be la majoria de creuades foren impulsades per conquistar les terres de [[Palestina]] que estaven en mans dels musulmans, també s'utilisa el terme per a designar operacions lliurades contra els [[eslaus]], [[judeus]], [[russos]], cristians [[ortodoxos]], [[mongols]], [[hussites]] i [[càtars]], com fon el cas de la [[Creuada albigesa]], i també contra els estats que s'oponien a la disciplina [[Papa|papal]],<ref name="OHC">Riley-Smith, Jonathan. ''The Oxford History of the Crusades'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-285364-3.</ref> com fon el cas de la [[Creuada contra la Corona d'Aragó]].

== Bibliografia ==
{{refbegin|2}}
;General:
* Alphandery, P.: ''La Chretiente et l'idee de croisade''. Ed. A Dupont. 2 vols. París: Albin Miehel, 1954. 
* Archer, T. A. i Kingsford, C.L.: ''The Crusades''. Londres, 1894. 
* Armstrong, Karen: ''Holy War: The Crusades and their Impact on Today's World''. Londres: Macmillan, 1988.
* Barker, Sir E.: ''The Crusades''. Londres: Oxford University Press, 1939. 
* Bartlett, Wayne: ''God Wills It!: An Illustrated History of the Crusades''. Stroud: Sutton, 1999
* Belloc, Hillaire: ''The Crusades: The World's Debate''. Milwaukee: Bruce, 1937. 
* Billings, Malcolm: ''The Crusades: Five Centuries of Holy Wars''. Nova York: Sterling Publications, 1996.
* Brehier, L.: ''L'Eglise et l'orient au moyen age: Les Croisades''. 5a. edició. París: J. Gabalda et fils, 1928. 
* Campbell, G.A.: ''The Crusades''. Londres: Duckworth, 1935. 
* Cox, G.W.: ''The Crusades''. Nova York: Scribners, 1926. 
* Goss, Vladimir P.: ''The Meeting of two worlds: cultural exchange between East and West during the period of the Crusades''. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 1986.
* Grousset, R.: ''Histoire des Croisades et du Royaume Franc de Jerusalem''. 3 vols. París: Plon, 1934-1936. 
* Hillenbrand, Carole: ''The Crusades : Islamic Perspectives''. Nova York : Routledge, 2000.
* Holt, P. M.: ''The Ages of the Crusades: the Near East from the eleventh century to 1517''. Londres & Nova York, 1986. 
* Holt, P.M.: ''The Eastern Mediterranean Lands in the Period of the Crusades''. Warminster, Anglaterra, 1977.
* Jones, Terry i Alan Ereira: ''Crusades''. Nova York: Facts on File, 1995.
* Lamb, Harold: ''The Crusades: The Flame of Islam''. Garden City, Nova York: Doubleday, 1931.
* Lamb, Harold: ''The Crusades: Iron Men and Saints''. Garden City, Nova York: Doubleday, 1930. 
* Madden Thomas: ''A Concise History of the Crusades''. Totowa, Nova Jersey: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999.
* Murray, Alan (ed.): ''From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusaders and Crusade Society (1095-1453)''. International Medieval Research, 3. Turnhout, Bèlgica: Brepols, 1998.
* Richard, Jean: ''The Crusades, C. 1071-C. 1291''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
* Riley-Smith, Jonathan: ''The Crusades: A Short History''. New Haven & Londres: Yale University Press, 1987.
* Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.): ''The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades''. Nova York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
* Riley-Smith, Jonathan: ''What Were the Crusades?''. 2a. ed., Londres et al., 1992.
* Runciman, Steven: ''A History of the Crusades'', 3 vols., Cambridge, 1951-1954.
* Setton, Kenneth Meyer (ed.): ''A History of the Crusades'', 6 vols, Madison, Wisconsin, 1969-1989.
* Tyerman, Christopher: ''God's War: A New History of the Crusades''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006.
* Tyreman, Christopher: ''Fighting for Christendom: Holy War and the Crusades''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
;Primera Creuada:
* Cahen, C.: "An Introduction to the First Crusade." Past and Present 6 (1954): 6-30. 
* Cate, James Lea: "The Crusade of 1101." In A History of the Crusades. Vol. I The First Hundred Years. Editat per Marshall W. Baldwin. 343-67. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969-1989. 
* Charanis, Peter: "Byzantium. the West and the Origin of the First Crusade." Byzantion 19 (1949).
* Cowdrey, H. E. J.: "Pope Urban II's Preaching of the First Crusade." History 55 (1970): 177-88. 
* Edgington, Susan B.: ''The First Crusade''. Londres: Historical Association, 1996.
* Flori, Jean: ''La Première Croisade: L'Occident chrétien contre l'Islam''. París: Editions Complexe, 1992.
* France, John: ''Victory in the East: a Military History of the First Crusade''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. 
* Heers, Jacques: "Le implicaziono economiche della prima crociata", in Piacenza e la prima crociata, p. 103-24. 
* Kedar, Benjamin Z.: "Crusades Historians and the Massacres of 1096." Jewish History, 12:2 (1998), 11-31.
* Kosto, A.J.: "Hostages during the First Century of the Crusades." Medieval Encounters v.9:1 (2003).
* Phillips, Jonathan (ed.): The First Crusade: Origins and Impact. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.
* Runciman, Steven: ''The First Crusade''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980. 
;Segona Creuada:
* Berry, Virginia G.: "The Second Crusade." A A History of the Crusades. Vol. I The First Hundred Years. Editat per Marshall W. Baldwin. 463-512. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969-1989. 
* Constable, Giles: "The Second Crusade as Seen by Contemporaries." Traditio 9 (1953): 213-79. 
* Gervers, Michael (ed.): The Second Crusade and the Cistercians, Nova York: St. Martins Press, 1992. 
* Jensen, Kurt Willads: "Denmark and the Second Crusade: The Formation of a Crusader State." eds. Jonathan Philips i Martin Hoch. The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001.
* Philips, Jonathan, i Martin Hoch (eds.): ''The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences''. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001. 
;Quinta Creuada:
* Donovan, Joseph Patrick: Pelagius and the Fifth Crusade. Filadèlfia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1950.
* Powell, James M.: Anatomy of a Crusade, 1213-1221. Filadèlfia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986. 
* Van Cleve, Thomas C.: "The Fifth Crusade." In A History of the Crusades. Vol. II The Later Crusades, 1189-1311, editat per R. L. Wolff i Harry W. Hazard 377-428. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969-1989. 
;Sexta Creuada:
* Abulafia, David: Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor. Londres: Allen Lane, 1988.
* Van Cleve, Thomas C.: "The Crusade of Frederick II." In A History of the Crusades. Vol. II The Later Crusades, 1189-1311. Editat per R. L. Wolff i Harry W. Hazard. 429-63. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969-1989. 1
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== Referències ==
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[[Categoria:Història]]
[[Categoria:Creuades| ]]