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* [[univers]]
 
* [[univers]]
 
* [[Ylem]]
 
* [[Ylem]]
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== Referències ==
 
== Referències ==
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== Bibliografia ==
 
== Bibliografia ==
* Barrow, John D. ''Las constantes de la naturaleza''. Crítica. Barcelona (2006). ISBN 978-84-8432-684-7
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*BARROW, JOHN D. ''Las constantes de la naturaleza''. Crítica. Barcelona (2006). ISBN 978-84-8432-684-7
* Green, Brian. ''El tejido del cosmos. Espacio, tiempo y la textura de la realidad''. Crítica. Barcelona (2006). ISBN 978-84-8432-737-0.
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*GREEN, BRIAN. ''El tejido del cosmos. Espacio, tiempo y la textura de la realidad''. Crítica. Barcelona (2006). ISBN 978-84-8432-737-0.
* Gribbin, John. ''En busca del Big Bang''. Colección "Ciencia hoy". [[Madrid]]: Ediciones Pirámide, 09/1989. ISBN 84-368-0421-X e ISBN 978-84-368-0421-8.
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*GRIBBIN, John. ''En busca del Big Bang''. Colección "Ciencia hoy". [[Madrid]]: Ediciones Pirámide, 09/1989. ISBN 84-368-0421-X e ISBN 978-84-368-0421-8.
* Hawking, S. W. ''Historia del tiempo: del Big Bang a los agujeros negros''. Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores, 09/1991. ISBN 84-226-2715-9 e ISBN 978-84-226-2715-9.
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*HAWKING, S. W. ''Historia del tiempo: del Big Bang a los agujeros negros''. Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores, 09/1991. ISBN 84-226-2715-9 e ISBN 978-84-226-2715-9.
* [http://www.exactas.org/modules/UpDownload/store_folder/Otra_Literatura/Roger.Penrose.-.La.Mente.Nueva.Del.Emperador.pdf PENROSE, ROGER, ''La nueva mente del emperador'', Fonde de Cultrua Económica, México D.F. (1996). ISBN 978-968-13-4361-3]
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*[http://www.exactas.org/modules/UpDownload/store_folder/Otra_Literatura/Roger.Penrose.-.La.Mente.Nueva.Del.Emperador.pdf PENROSE, ROGER, ''La nueva mente del emperador'', Fonde de Cultrua Económica, México D.F. (1996). ISBN 978-968-13-4361-3]
* Ribón Sánchez, Mariano. ''Causas del big-bang''. [[Barcelona]]: Ribón Sánchez, Mariano, 01/2005. ISBN 84-609-3955-3 e ISBN 978-84-609-3955-9.
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*RIBÓN SÁNCHEZ, Mariano. ''Causas del big-bang''. [[Barcelona]]: Ribón Sánchez, Mariano, 01/2005. ISBN 84-609-3955-3 e ISBN 978-84-609-3955-9.
* Weinberg, Steven, ''Los tres primeros minutos del universo'', Alianza, Madrid (1999). ISBN 978-84-206-6730-0.
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*WEINBERG, STEVEN, ''Los tres primeros minutos del universo'', Alianza, Madrid (1999). ISBN 978-84-206-6730-0.
  
 
==== Introduccions tècniques ====
 
==== Introduccions tècniques ====
* S. Dodelson, ''Modern Cosmology'', Academic Press (2003). Released slightly before the WMAP results, this is the most modern introductory textbook.
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*S. Dodelson, ''Modern Cosmology'', Academic Press (2003). Released slightly before the WMAP results, this is the most modern introductory textbook.
* E. W. Kolb and M. S. Turner, ''The Early Universe'', Addison-Wesley (1990). This is the classic reference for cosmologists.
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*E. W. Kolb and M. S. Turner, ''The Early Universe'', Addison-Wesley (1990). This is the classic reference for cosmologists.
* P. J. E. Peebles, ''Principles of Physical Cosmology'', Princeton University Press (1993). Peebles' book has a strong historical focus.
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*P. J. E. Peebles, ''Principles of Physical Cosmology'', Princeton University Press (1993). Peebles' book has a strong historical focus.
  
 
==== Fonts de primera mà ====
 
==== Fonts de primera mà ====
* G. Lemaître, "''Un Univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extragalactiques''" (A homogeneous Universe of constant mass and growing radius accounting for the radial velocity of extragalactic nebulae), ''Annals of the Scientific Society of Brussels'' '''47A''' (1927):41—General Relativity implies the universe has to be expanding. Einstein brushed him off in the same year. Lemaître's note was translated in ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'' '''91''' (1931): 483–490.
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*G. Lemaître, "''Un Univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extragalactiques''" (A homogeneous Universe of constant mass and growing radius accounting for the radial velocity of extragalactic nebulae), ''Annals of the Scientific Society of Brussels'' '''47A''' (1927):41—General Relativity implies the universe has to be expanding. Einstein brushed him off in the same year. Lemaître's note was translated in ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'' '''91''' (1931): 483–490.
* G. Lemaître, ''Nature'' '''128''' (1931) suppl.: 704, with a reference to the primeval atom.
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*G. Lemaître, ''Nature'' '''128''' (1931) suppl.: 704, with a reference to the primeval atom.
* R. A. Alpher, H. A. Bethe, G. Gamow, "The Origin of Chemical Elements, "''Physical Review'' '''73''' (1948), 803. The so-called αβγ paper, in which Alpher and Gamow suggested that the light elements were created by protons capturing neutrons in the hot, dense early universe. Bethe's name was added for symmetry.
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*R. A. Alpher, H. A. Bethe, G. Gamow, "The Origin of Chemical Elements, "''Physical Review'' '''73''' (1948), 803. The so-called αβγ paper, in which Alpher and Gamow suggested that the light elements were created by protons capturing neutrons in the hot, dense early universe. Bethe's name was added for symmetry.
* G. Gamow, "The Origin of Elements and the Separation of Galaxies," ''Physical Review'' '''74''' (1948), 505. These two 1948 papers of Gamow laid the foundation for our present understanding of big-bang nucleosynthesis.
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*G. Gamow, "The Origin of Elements and the Separation of Galaxies," ''Physical Review'' '''74''' (1948), 505. These two 1948 papers of Gamow laid the foundation for our present understanding of big-bang nucleosynthesis.
* G. Gamow, ''Nature'' '''162''' (1948), 680.
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*G. Gamow, ''Nature'' '''162''' (1948), 680.
* R. A. Alpher, "A Neutron-Capture Theory of the Formation and Relative Abundance of the Elements," ''Physical Review'' '''74''' (1948), 1737.
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*R. A. Alpher, "A Neutron-Capture Theory of the Formation and Relative Abundance of the Elements," ''Physical Review'' '''74''' (1948), 1737.
* R. A. Alpher and R. Herman, "On the Relative Abundance of the Elements," ''Physical Review'' '''74''' (1948), 1577. This paper contains the first estimate of the present temperature of the universe.
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*R. A. Alpher and R. Herman, "On the Relative Abundance of the Elements," ''Physical Review'' '''74''' (1948), 1577. This paper contains the first estimate of the present temperature of the universe.
* R. A. Alpher, R. Herman, and G. Gamow ''Nature'' '''162''' (1948), 774.
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*R. A. Alpher, R. Herman, and G. Gamow ''Nature'' '''162''' (1948), 774.
* A. A. Penzias and R. W. Wilson, "A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s," ''Astrophysical Journal'' '''142''' (1965), 419. The paper describing the discovery of the cosmic microwave background.
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*A. A. Penzias and R. W. Wilson, "A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s," ''Astrophysical Journal'' '''142''' (1965), 419. The paper describing the discovery of the cosmic microwave background.
 
*R. H. Dicke, P. J. E. Peebles, P. G. Roll and D. T. Wilkinson, "Cosmic Black-Body Radiation," ''Astrophysical Journal'' '''142''' (1965), 414. The theoretical interpretation of Penzias and Wilson's discovery.
 
*R. H. Dicke, P. J. E. Peebles, P. G. Roll and D. T. Wilkinson, "Cosmic Black-Body Radiation," ''Astrophysical Journal'' '''142''' (1965), 414. The theoretical interpretation of Penzias and Wilson's discovery.
* A. D. Sakharov, "Violation of CP invariance, C asymmetry and baryon asymmetry of the universe," ''Pisma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz.'' '''5''', 32 (1967), translated in ''JETP Lett.'' '''5''', 24 (1967).
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*A. D. Sakharov, "Violation of CP invariance, C asymmetry and baryon asymmetry of the universe," ''Pisma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz.'' '''5''', 32 (1967), translated in ''JETP Lett.'' '''5''', 24 (1967).
* R. A. Alpher and R. Herman, "Reflections on early work on 'big bang' cosmology" ''Physics Today'' '''Aug 1988''' 24–34. A review article.
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*R. A. Alpher and R. Herman, "Reflections on early work on 'big bang' cosmology" ''Physics Today'' '''Aug 1988''' 24–34. A review article.
  
 
==== Religió i filosofia ====
 
==== Religió i filosofia ====
 
* [[Jean-Marc Rouvière]], ''Brèves méditations sur la création du monde'', Ed. L'Harmattan, Paris, 2006.
 
* [[Jean-Marc Rouvière]], ''Brèves méditations sur la création du monde'', Ed. L'Harmattan, Paris, 2006.
* Leeming, David Adams, and Margaret Adams Leeming, ''A Dictionary of Creation Myths''. Oxford University Press (1995), ISBN 0-19-510275-4.
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*Leeming, David Adams, and Margaret Adams Leeming, ''A Dictionary of Creation Myths''. Oxford University Press (1995), ISBN 0-19-510275-4.
 
*Pío XII (1952), "Modern Science and the Existence of God," ''The Catholic Mind'' 49:182–192.
 
*Pío XII (1952), "Modern Science and the Existence of God," ''The Catholic Mind'' 49:182–192.
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==== Artículs d'investigació ====
 
==== Artículs d'investigació ====
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== Enllaços externs ==
 
== Enllaços externs ==
* [[Open Directory Project]]: [http://www.dmoz.org/Science/Astronomy/Cosmology/ Cosmology]
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*[[Open Directory Project]]: [http://www.dmoz.org/Science/Astronomy/Cosmology/ Cosmology]
* [[PBS]].org, [http://www.pbs.org/deepspace/timeline/ "From the Big Bang to the End of the Universe. The Mysteries of Deep Space Timeline"]
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*[[PBS]].org, [http://www.pbs.org/deepspace/timeline/ "From the Big Bang to the End of the Universe. The Mysteries of Deep Space Timeline"]
* [http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/ "Welcome to the History of the Universe"]. Penny Press Ltd.
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*[http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/ "Welcome to the History of the Universe"]. Penny Press Ltd.
* [[Cambridge University]] Cosmology, "[http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/bb_home.html The Hot Big Bang Model]". Includes a discussion of the problems with the big bang.
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*[[Cambridge University]] Cosmology, "[http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/bb_home.html The Hot Big Bang Model]". Includes a discussion of the problems with the big bang.
* [[Smithsonian Institution]], "[http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/seuforum/bigbanglanding.htm UNIVERSE! - The Big Bang and what came before]".
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*[[Smithsonian Institution]], "[http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/seuforum/bigbanglanding.htm UNIVERSE! - The Big Bang and what came before]".
* D'Agnese, Joseph, "[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1511/is_7_20/ai_55030837 The last Big Bang man left standing, physicist Ralph Alpher devised Big Bang Theory of universe]". ''Discover'', July [[1999]].
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*D'Agnese, Joseph, "[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1511/is_7_20/ai_55030837 The last Big Bang man left standing, physicist Ralph Alpher devised Big Bang Theory of universe]". ''Discover'', July [[1999]].
* Felder, Gary, "[http://www.ncsu.edu/felder-public/kenny/papers/cosmo.html The Expanding Universe]".
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*Felder, Gary, "[http://www.ncsu.edu/felder-public/kenny/papers/cosmo.html The Expanding Universe]".
* LaRocco, Chris and Blair Rothstein, [http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/bigbang.htm "THE BIG BANG: It sure was BIG!!"].
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*LaRocco, Chris and Blair Rothstein, [http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/bigbang.htm "THE BIG BANG: It sure was BIG!!"].
* Mather, John C., and John Boslough [[1996]], ''The very first light: the true inside story of the scientific journey back to the dawn of the universe''. ISBN 0-465-01575-1 p.300
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*Mather, John C., and John Boslough [[1996]], ''The very first light: the true inside story of the scientific journey back to the dawn of the universe''. ISBN 0-465-01575-1 p.300
* Shestople, Paul, "[http://cosmology.berkeley.edu/Education/IUP/Big_Bang_Primer.html "Big Bang Primer"].
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*Shestople, Paul, "[http://cosmology.berkeley.edu/Education/IUP/Big_Bang_Primer.html "Big Bang Primer"].
* Singh, Simon, ''Big Bang: the origin of the universe'', Fourth Estate (2005). A historical review of the big bang.
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*Singh, Simon, ''Big Bang: the origin of the universe'', Fourth Estate (2005). A historical review of the big bang.
* Wright, Edward L., [http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/BBhistory.html "Brief History of the Universe"].
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*Wright, Edward L., [http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/BBhistory.html "Brief History of the Universe"].
* [http://www.cosmologystatement.org Certs científics escriuen sobre el big bang].
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*[http://www.cosmologystatement.org Certs científics escriuen sobre el big bang].
* Grant, Ted. Woods Alan. [http://engels.org/libr/razon/raz_2_9a.htm "El big bang"] , capítul del llibre [http://engels.org/libr/razon/raz_0.htm ''Razón y Revolución''], Fundación Federico Engels.
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*Grant, Ted. Woods Alan. [http://engels.org/libr/razon/raz_2_9a.htm "El big bang"] , capítul del llibre [http://engels.org/libr/razon/raz_0.htm ''Razón y Revolución''], Fundación Federico Engels.
  
 
{{Llista artículs destacats}}
 
{{Llista artículs destacats}}
  
 
[[Categoria:Física]]
 
[[Categoria:Física]]

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