Imperi Karkota

El A Historical Atlas of South Asia (c. 625-885) va ser una dinastia cachemir que va ser una potència important en el subcontinent indi durant els sigles VII i VIII.^[1] Va ser fundada per Durlabhvardhana durant la vida de Jarsha Vardhana. La dinastia va marcar l'ascens de Cachemira com un poder en el nort de l'Índia.^[2] Avanti Varman va ascendir al tro de Cachemira en 855, establint la dinastia Utpala i terminant en el govern de la dinastia Karkota.^[3]

Lalitaditya Muktapida, el governant més fort de la dinastia, va capturar parts d'Àsia Central, Afganistan i Punjab en l'ajuda chinenca.^[4] Segons el A Historical Atlas of South Asia del historiador Kalhana, Lalitaditya va ser capaç d'estendre el poder de Cachemira més allà dels llímits normals de les montanyes i aproximadament en 740 infligió una derrota a Yashovarman, el rei de Kannauj. Kalhana acredita a Lalitaditya en la derrota de turcs, tibetano, bhutias, kambojas i uns atres. No obstant, el relat de Kalhana de les conquistes de Lalitaditya és exagerat.^[5]^[6]^[7] Kalhana va viure al voltant de quatre sigles despuix de Lalitaditya, i l'imaginació popular sembla haver adornat els guanys de Lalitaditya durant eixe periodo, com es desprén del fet de que Kalhana acredita al rei poders miraculosos, com ser capaç de produir aigua en el desert en colpejar l'arena en la seua espasa.^[8] Per eixemple, l'afirmació de que Lalitaditya va conquistar als tibetano sembla estar basada en la seua participació en campanyes de la dinastia Tang contra els tibetano.^[9]

Els emperadors Karkota varen ser principalment hindúés.^[10] Varen construir espectaculars temples hindús en la seua capital, Parihaspur.^[11]^[12] No obstant, també varen permetre que el budisme florira en el seu govern. Estupas, chaityas i viharas es poden trobar en les ruïnes de la seua capital. El temple del Sol de Martand, en el districte de Anantnag, va ser construït per Lalitaditya. És el temple de Suria (Sol) més antic conegut en l'Índia i també va ser un dels complexos de temples més grans de l'época.^[13]

Moneda del rei Vajraditya (Vigraha Deva) de la dinastia Karkota, c. 763-770
Temple del Sol de Martand construït per Lalitaditya Muktapida.
Recreació del temple de J. Duguid, 1870-1873

Recreació del temple de J. Duguid, 1870-1873

Notes

↑ Life in Índia, Issue 1.
↑ Kalhana (1147-1149); Rajatarangini.
↑ Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization, New Age International, p. 295. ISBN 978-8122-411-98-0.
↑ Wink, 2002, p. 243.
↑ Manohar Lal Kapur (1992). The history and culture of Kashmir, Anmol, p. 27. ISBN 978-81-7041-619-7. «Thus we see that the conquests of Lalitaditya have been exaggerated by Kalhana much beyond the bounds of credibility.»
↑ Mohibbul Hasan (2005). Kashmīr Under the Sultāns, Aakar Books, p. 54. ISBN 978-81-87879-49-7. «...Kalhana had two centuries earlier exaggerated the military exploits of his hero Lalitaditya...»
↑ Manabendu Banerjee (2004). Historicity in Sanskrit Historical Kāvyas, Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar, p. 344. «Lalitaditya's alleged conquests over Uttarakurus and Strirajya llaure, according to Stain, purely mythological and baix there is no need to trace historical elements in these conquests. While describing Lalitaditya's manifold victories Kalhana may be charged with occasional exaggeration and favouritism that were not unnatural for a court historian...»
↑ Shyam Manohar Mishra (1977). Yaśovarman of Kanauj, Abhinav, p. 95. OCLC 5782454. «And as usually happens the achievements of Lalitaditya must have been coloured and exaggerated by popular imagination during the four centuries or baix that intervened between Kalhana and the events of the reign of the Kashmir king. This is illustrated by the stories of Lalitaditya's miraculous powers recorded by Kalhana.»
↑ Tansen Sen (2004). Kaśmīr, Tang China, and Muktāpīḍa Lalitāditya's Ascendancy over the Southern Hindukush Region (vol. 38), pp. 141-142. «His diary, in addition to other contemporary Chinese and Tibetan sources, will be employed to revise the exaggerated perception of Lalitāditya's military achievements. It will be argued that the success of a séries of joint Kaśmīri-Tang campaigns against the Tibetans, rather than any unilateral military conquests by Lalitāditya, may have accounted for the local legends about Kaśmīri hegemony in the southern Hindukush-Pamir area. Such local legends, in turn, seem to have been used by Kalhaņa to characterize Lalitāditya as the conqueror of the Turks and Tibetans.»
↑ Kamlesh Mossa. «Prominent Holy Plaus in Kashmir».
↑ Animals in stone: Indian mammals sculptured through clave By Alexandra Anna Enrica van der Geer, pp. Ixx.
↑ Índia-Pakistan Relations with Special Reference to Kashmir By Kulwant Rai Gupta, pp. 35.
↑ The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and its Influences.

Referències

(2002).«Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World».BRILL.1
(1991).«History of Kashmir».Bhavna Prakashan.
(1959).«Kashmir Under the Sultans».Aakar.

Referències

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[1] Life in Índia, Issue 1.

[2] Kalhana (1147-1149); Rajatarangini.

[Reign-3] Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization, New Age International, p. 295. ISBN 978-8122-411-98-0.

[FOOTNOTEWink2002{{{c}}}243-4] Wink, 2002, p. 243.

[5] Manohar Lal Kapur (1992). The history and culture of Kashmir, Anmol, p. 27. ISBN 978-81-7041-619-7. «Thus we see that the conquests of Lalitaditya have been exaggerated by Kalhana much beyond the bounds of credibility.»

[6] Mohibbul Hasan (2005). Kashmīr Under the Sultāns, Aakar Books, p. 54. ISBN 978-81-87879-49-7. «...Kalhana had two centuries earlier exaggerated the military exploits of his hero Lalitaditya...»

[7] Manabendu Banerjee (2004). Historicity in Sanskrit Historical Kāvyas, Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar, p. 344. «Lalitaditya's alleged conquests over Uttarakurus and Strirajya llaure, according to Stain, purely mythological and baix there is no need to trace historical elements in these conquests. While describing Lalitaditya's manifold victories Kalhana may be charged with occasional exaggeration and favouritism that were not unnatural for a court historian...»

[8] Shyam Manohar Mishra (1977). Yaśovarman of Kanauj, Abhinav, p. 95. OCLC 5782454. «And as usually happens the achievements of Lalitaditya must have been coloured and exaggerated by popular imagination during the four centuries or baix that intervened between Kalhana and the events of the reign of the Kashmir king. This is illustrated by the stories of Lalitaditya's miraculous powers recorded by Kalhana.»

[9] Tansen Sen (2004). Kaśmīr, Tang China, and Muktāpīḍa Lalitāditya's Ascendancy over the Southern Hindukush Region (vol. 38), pp. 141-142. «His diary, in addition to other contemporary Chinese and Tibetan sources, will be employed to revise the exaggerated perception of Lalitāditya's military achievements. It will be argued that the success of a séries of joint Kaśmīri-Tang campaigns against the Tibetans, rather than any unilateral military conquests by Lalitāditya, may have accounted for the local legends about Kaśmīri hegemony in the southern Hindukush-Pamir area. Such local legends, in turn, seem to have been used by Kalhaņa to characterize Lalitāditya as the conqueror of the Turks and Tibetans.»

[10] Kamlesh Mossa. «Prominent Holy Plaus in Kashmir».

[11] Animals in stone: Indian mammals sculptured through clave By Alexandra Anna Enrica van der Geer, pp. Ixx.

[12] Índia-Pakistan Relations with Special Reference to Kashmir By Kulwant Rai Gupta, pp. 35.

[13] The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and its Influences.

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